• Valerii V. Dyrdin
• Tatiana L. Kim
• Andrei A. Fofanov
• Evgenii A. Plotnikov
• Natalia M. Voronkina

УДК 622.01.016 
DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-44-53

Dyrdin V. V., Kim T. L., Fofanov A. A., Plotnikov E. A., Voronkina N. M. Gas emission under coal mechanical degradation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 5: 44–53 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-44-53

Introduction. Hard coal underground mining safety is inextricably bound up with the measures aimed at the reduction of gas development from the margins of coal seams. At the present time there is no accurate answer to the question why under gas and coal outbursts, specific emission overruns natural gas content by several times. In this regard the scientific task of studying gas emission under coal mechanical degradation is relevant.
Research aim. The present article aims to test the hypotheses of the presence of methane in hard coal, being in other, not sorption bonds, with the matrix, but being able to transfer into gaseous state under mechanical degradation, i.e. coal destruction.
Methodology. The authors collected coal samples from the seams of coal mines of Kuzbass. The character of change in the average weighed size of coal particles has been determined depending on the number of destruction cycles.
The results of the chromatographic analysis of gas liberated under the coal samples destruction are introduced. Results. It has been stated that under the destruction coal samples, collected at the margin of mine influence, “coal” gas is intensively liberated, methane having the higher concentration. It has been stated that under coal mechanical degradation there is a breaking of bonds between the atoms of carbon with “fringes”, and between the graphite-like layers of carbon grating, which leads to the liberation of a significant amount of gas and its transition into the unbound state.
Summary. The method of experimental determination of specific gas emission has been worked out, making it possible to assess the tendency of a coal seam to coal and gas outbursts.

Key words: coal destruction; gas emission; mechanical degradation; coal seam; outbursts.

REFERENCES

1. Malinnikova O. N., Feit G. N. Effect of methanogenesis and additional sorption under gas-saturated coal destruction in the conditions of three-dimensional stress state. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2004; 8: 196–200. (In Russ.)
2. Malinnikova O. N. Conditions of methane liberation from coal under destruction. Gornyi informatsionnoanaliticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2001; 5: 95–99. (In Russ.)
3. Chernov O. I., Rozantsev E. S. Coal and gas outburst prevention in coal mines. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1965. (In Russ.)
4. Khodot V. V., Ianovskaia M. F., Premysler Iu. S. Gas emission from coal under coal destruction. Fizikotekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 1966; 6: 3–11. (In Russ.)
5. Dyrdin V. V., Oparin V. N., Fofanov A. A., Smirnov V. G., Kim T. L. Possible effect of main roof
settlement on outburst hazard in case of gas hydrate dissociation during coal mining. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 2017; 5: 3–14. (In Russ.)
6. Alekseev A. D. Methane in coal seams. Forms and extraction problems. In: Geotechnical mechanics: interauthority collection of scientific articles. Dnepropetrovsk: IGTM NANU Publishing; 2010; 87: 10–15. (In Russ.)
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9. Proskurowski G., Lilley M. D., Seewald J. S., Früh-Green G. L., Olson E. J., Lupton J. E., Sylva S. P., Kelley D. S. Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City hydrothermal field. Science. 2008; 319 (5863): 604–607.
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A mechanism for formation of coal methane. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchnotekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2015; 8: 211–220. (In Russ.)
11. Menzhulin M. G., Montikov A. V., Vasiliev S. V. Physical processes of methanogenesis under coal destruction. Zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gornogo instituta. Geologiia = Journal of Mining Institute. Geology. 2014; 207: 222–225. (In Russ.)
12. Oparin V. N., Kiriaeva T. A., Gavrilov V. Iu., Shutilov R. A., Kovchavtsev A. P., Tanaino A. S., Efimov V. P., Astrakhantsev I. E., Grenev I. V. Interaction of geomechanical and physicochemical processesin Kuzbass coal. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 2014; 2: 3–30. (In Russ.)
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14. Smirnov V. G., Dyrdin V. V., Ismagilov Z. R., Kim T. L., Manakov A. Iu. On the influence of the forms of the connection of methane with the coal matrix on the gas dynamic phemonena arising in the underground development of coal seams. Vestnik nauchnogo tsentra po bezopasnosti rabot v ugolnoi promyshlennosti = Industrial Safety. 2017; 1: 34–41. (In Russ.)
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compounds and new carbon materials based on them. Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia khimicheskaia = Russian Chemical Bulletin. 2005; 8: 1699–1716. (In Russ.)
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Karpova T. D., Terekhova I. S., Ogienko A. G., Lyrshchikov S. Y. Formation and decomposition of methane hydrate in coal. Fuel. 2016; 166: 188–195.

Received 5 April 2019

• Elena L. Sosnovskaia
• Arkadii N. Avdeev

УДК 622.831 
DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-21-29 

Sosnovskaia E. L., Avdeev A. N. Control over the geotechnical processes at the goldfields of Eastern Siberia. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 5: 21–29. DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-21-29

Introduction. There are more than thousand lode mineral deposits of gold, rare metals, polymetals, and uranium in Eastern Siberia. Only 10% of them are in operation. Geotechnical conditions of the fields are poorly studied, therefore geotechnological parameters are not explored at a sensibly reliable level. The authors have conducted multi-year research of geotechnical processes at goldfields of Eastern Siberia.
Methodology. During geotechnical processes investigation at goldfields the authors have created the methods and techniques calculating the parameters of stable pillars and chamber exposures, selecting rock pressure control procedures based on the complex analysis of mining and geological factors: physical and mechanical properties of rock and ore, tectonic faulting, cryologic state of rock in a massif, high natural gravitational and tectonic stresses of rock mass, technogenic stresses in structural elements of underground geotechnologies.
Results. For practical use of research results, methodological and normative documents have been developed for a range of mines, including Darasun, Kholbinsky, Irokindinsky, Novo-Shirokinsky, Maiskoe, Konevinsky, Mnogovershinnoye, Birkachan, Kedrovskoe, etc. The documents have undergone expert exanimation of industrial safety and have been approved by RF Rostekhnadzor for practical use at gold mines.

Key words: gold lodes; geotechnics; rock pressure control; pillars; chamber roof and walls exposures; physical and mechanical properties of rocks; natural and technogenic stresses.

REFERENCES

1. Vlokh N. P. Rock pressure control at underground mines. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1994. (In Russ.)
2. Neganov V. P. (ed.) Gold fields development technology. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1995. (In Russ.)
3. Zubkov A. V. Geomechanics and Geotechnology. Ekaterinburg: UB RAS Publishing. (In Russ.)
4. Sosnovskaia E. L., Iasychenko V. B. Justification of the matrix of natural stresses of vein deposit rock massifs in Siberia and Far East. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2011; 11: 74–78. (In Russ.)
5. Pavlov A. M., Semenov Iu. M., Sosnovskii L. I. Rock pressure control in permafrost massifs under low thickness inclined lodes underground mining at Irokindinskii gold field. In: Geodynamics and Stress state of the Earth’s interior: scientific conference proceedings. Novosibirks: IM SB RAS Publishing; 2008. P. 477–481. (In Russ.)
6. Sosnovskaia E. L., Avdeev A. N. The forecast of potential rock bump hazard of steeply pitching lode gold ore deposits. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2016; 2: 74–85. (In Russ.)
7. Cluff D. L., Kazakidis V. N. Opportunities and constraints of engineering frozen backfill for underground mining applications in permafrost. Proceedings of the 10th Int. Symp. on Cold Regions Development. Alaska, 2013: 175–190.
8. Kight G., Harris M., Gorski B., Udd J. E. Frozen backfill research for canadian mines. Canada: Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, 1994. 21 р.
9. Coil D., Lester E., Higman B. Gold mining methods. Ground Truth Trekking. 2014. 2 p.
10. Sosnovskii L. I., Zubkov A. V. Flowsheets of stoping with pliable pillars at Berezovsky deposit. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2007; 1 (1): 92–95. (In Russ.)
11. Sosnovskaia E. L. Rationale for the parameters of underground geotechnology of low thickness inclined lodes development. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2015; 5: 60–68. (In Russ.)
12. Pavlov A. M., Semenov Iu. M., Sosnovskii L. I. Evaluation of parameters of stable pillars and room roofs inunderlay lode mining in cryogenic zones in terms of the Irokindinsly gold deposit. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2008; 5: 142–147. (In Russ.)
13. Sosnovskaia E. L. Assessment of technogenic stresses in stopes when developing thin steeply dipping gold-ore veins. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2014; 12: 82–88. (In Russ.)
14. Reddy J. N. An introduction to nonlinear finite element analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 488 р.
15. Pavlov A. M., Semenov Iu. M. Rock pressure control in sryolitic zone when mining inclined narrow lodes by the example of Irokindinsky field. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2007: 11: 30–34. (In Russ.)
16. Ialymov N. G. Rock mass stresses state research at ore deposits of Kyrgyzstan. Prikladnye zadachi mekhaniki gornykh porod = Applied Problems of Rock Mechanics. Moscow: Nauka Publishing; 1977. (In Russ.)
17. the detection and use of geological medium fractal properties. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2011; 4: 106–112. (In Russ.) 

Received 29 January 2019

• Iurii A. Borovkov
• Temur M. Iakshibaev

УДК 622.271:622.277.6(047.31)
DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-30-36

Borovkov Iu. A., Iakshibaev T. M. Theoretical studies of changes in fracture zones radius in
the ore pile of heap leaching with camouflet blasthole charge explosion. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 5: 30–36 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-30-36

Introduction. Multi-tiered ore pile heap leaching process improvement is possible by using new rational methods, including a method of intensifi cation by means of shaking a multi-tiered ore pile by an explosion of a camoufl et cylindrical borehole charge. This method is acceptable if the concentration of gold in the productive solution gradually reduces, and also if clogging zone is formed. It is necessary to shake a multitiered ore pile with explosions of camoufl et borehole charges, thus moving, grinding, delimiting and changing the orientation of rock pieces in the depth of a multi-tiered ore pile with the formation of additional micro and macro cracks.
Research aim is to determine the radiuses of fracture zones in heap leaching ore pile upon the explosion of a camoufl et blasthole charge.
Methodology includes the determination of the eff ect of the explosion of a camoufl et blasthole charge on the intensifi cation of gold heap leaching process with the use of mathematical simulation.
Summary. A mathematical model of the action of a camoufl et explosion of a cylindrical borehole charge has been developed, which describes fracture zones in the depth of the rock massif of heap leach ore pile. It has been stated that during the explosion of a camoufl et borehole cylindrical charge, under the action of a shock or refl ected shock waves of stress, from the free surface of a bench, fracture zone is formed in the depth of the rock massif of heap leach ore pile. The radius has been determined of a fracture zone depending on the radius of a camoufl et charge, the coeffi cient determining the blasting conditions, massif acoustic stiff ness, Poisson coeffi cient, and the coeffi cient of heap leach rock tensile strength.

Key words: fracturing radius; ore pile; explosion; camoufl et cylindrical borehole charge; radial stress; rock mass; borehole charge radius.

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a well. Vzryvnoe delo = Explosion Technology. 1984; 86/43: 221–225. (In Russ.)
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Publishing; 1971. (In Russ.).
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6. Belenko F. A. Investigation of stress fi elds and the process of fi ssures generation during column charges
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structures. BRL. In from Memorandum report № 403. Aberdeen Proving ground, Mariland, 2005.
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Edgewood Arsenal Contraction Report EM-CR-76042. Report no. 8. 2005.
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Publishing; 1957. (In Russ.)
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camouflet explosion. Vzryvnoe delo = Explosion Technology. 2016; 116/73: 29–36. (In Russ.)
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Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures. 1999. Vol. 22. Nо. 11. P. 1003–1009.
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of the New York Academy I of Sciences. 2008. 152. Article 1. P. 356–361.
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(In Russ.)

Received 6 August 2018

• Oleg Iu. Smirnov

УДК 622.833.5 
DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-14-20

Smirnov O. Iu. Investigating the conditions of applying the filling method of field development in various mining and geological conditions. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 5: 14–20 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028- 2019-5-14-20

Introduction. In the future the development of underground ore mining is connected to mining transition to greater depths. In this regard the problem of improving the effectiveness of mining by means of reducing the use of cement at backfilling is rather relevant.
Research aim. The results of the scientific research are presented carried out with the purpose of investigating the conditions of applying the filling method of field development in various geological conditions with the account of ore bodies morphology, natural stresses field character, and lithologic inhomogeneity of the massif. Research methodology.
Research has been done with the account of the following provisions. The filling mass has been considered, firstly, as a geological structure bearing load under the influence of rock pressure, secondly, as a process structure saving the stope from possible rock caving and filling material 20 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 5. 2019 ISSN 0536-1028 caving and the related stoping procedural violations and ore mass impoverishment, as well as a means of eliminating voids in the rock massive.
Results analysis. Based on the acquired results the recommendations have been worked out concerning the conditions of applying the filling method of field development in various mining and geological conditions. In the conditions of flat and steeply pitching ore bodies with the thickness up to 10 m, the filling mass mainly functions as a geomechanical structure receiving load from the weight of rocks of the underworked massif, which significantly reduces the size and the speed of the underground massif subsidence. In these conditions the requirements to the strength of the filling mass are minimal; this widens the scope of weak filling. The use of the consolidating filling is recommended only in the conditions of “rockbump hazard” category. With steeply pitching ore bodies of low and medium thickness, as well as block and tabular ore bodies of any pitching type and high thickness, the scope of weak filling is limited mainly by the development systems with ascending mining of ore bodies.
Summary. Taking into account the great variety of geological conditions of ore deposits and the great choice of various technological variants of development systems it is necessary to be guided by the following. In the conditions of “rockbump safe” category and steep pitching of ore deposits it is necessary to give preference to the development systems with caving; and in the conditions of “rockbump hazard” category and the room and pillar mining, in order to increase the stability of temporary pillars and longterm maintenance of the undermined massif in the hard mode of loading, the mined-out space is recommended to be filled with the hydraulic filling.

Key words: development system; ore bodies morphology; field of stresses; rock pressure; filling mass; weak filling; rockbump

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Received 1 March 2019