• Andrei N. Ivanov
• Margarita N. Ignatieva
• Oksana A. Logvinenko

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-98-107

Ivanov A. N., Logvinenko O. A., Ignatieva M. N. Economic evaluation of environmental implications in subsoil use. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 98–107 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-98-107

Relevance. Due to the deteriorating environmental situation, the significance of ecological factor increases
when substantiating the variants of nature management and subsoil use; it requires further evaluation
of economic damage caused by both of them. The evaluation of the economic damage caused by the human
impact on the environment is based on the economic evaluation of natural resources state during the
formation of environmental implications. The relevance of the research on the natural resources and
ecosystem services economic evaluation procedure improvement is proven as a matter of the national
natural capital importance.
Research aim is to improve cost estimation tools for natural resources and ecosystem services.
Methodology includes generalization and analysis of the notions of eecosystem services and their
classification.
Research results. The preservation of natural capital, when implementing weak sustainability concept,
means that the used natural capital is replaced by the physical one (man-made); in case of strong
sustainability concept implementation, minimum substitution is allowed for. These conditions require
wider economic methods of governmental control in natural management, such as a wider use of economic
evaluation and economic damage. It is necessary to specify the structure of natural capital and draw up
the scheme of natural resources (natural assets) utilization in order to improve the procedure of evaluation.
The present research schematically outlines the procedure of environmental products and services flow
formation, which characterize the utilization of natural assets, i.e. natural resources and ecosystem
services. Definitions of ecosystem services have been analysed, and their difference from ecosystem
functions has been proven as soon as economic evaluation of ecosystem services requires their accurate
definition. Particular classifications of ecosystem services have been generalized and analysed.
The reasonability has been proven to single out a resource function along with ecosystem functions taking
into account that it is often associated with abiotic elements of ecosystems. An author’s variant of ecosystem
services list is proposed, which excludes provisioning services as they are ascribed to the category of
resource services. As far as the regulating services are concerned, the following types are distinguished:
flows regulation, physical environment regulation, and biotic environment regulation. Supporting services
are ascribed to a separate category which is not subject to further economic evaluation. Cultural services
include: spiritual, scientific and educational, and therapeutic. Economic evaluation methods covers both
traditional practical methods applied in nature management and new methods which are often associated
with sociological surveys and questionnaires. Basic conditions for economic evaluation have been
formulated.

Key words: natural capital; natural resources; ecosystem services; functions; classifications; economic
evaluation; methods.

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Received 17 June 2019

• Ekaterina V. Stupakova

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-81-89

Stupakova E. V. Measuring errors in the compositional reference materials of gold ore. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 81–89 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-81-89

Introduction. Compositional reference materials (RM) of ore and ore products have to comply with the homogeneity of the material. The technology of preparing RM has to ensure the homogeneity of its composition. The homogeneity of the homogenized material is experimentally tested and assessed to be sure that the RM characteristic being certified has similar value in any part of the material or its variation and does not exceed a preset level.
Research methodology. RM inhomogeneity errors are assessed with a method based on multiple measuring of the certified component value in several samples randomly collected from the entire RM with further processing of the measured values. For random evaluation of homogeneity, N number of samples with M0 mass each is collected from the entire RM. Samples are collected after RM is prepared and homogenized. Mass M0 of each sample has to be sufficient to fulfill the specified number of measurements J in accordance with the applied method.
Research results. It has been experimentally proven that the evaluation of inhomogeneity error in compositional reference materials of gold ore in accordance with the layout of the analysis of variance accepted in GOST 8.531-2002 “State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference materials of composition of solid and disperse materials. Ways of homogeneity assessment” results in obtaining inhomogeneity error values which are lower than those of the established homogeneity standard for reference materials. In order to correctly evaluate the inhomogeneity error in accordance with the accepted experimental layout it is necessary to estimate the value of error again taking into account the inhomogeneity errors in 50 g sample weights or estimate the inhomogeneity error in the entire array of the obtained analysis data (N × J). Granulometric composition of the certified reference materials of gold ore,
the utter mass having the size of grains less than 0.050 mm, allows to obtain the values of inhomogeneity errors which are as close as possible to the established standards.

Key words: reference material; homogeneity of reference material; inhomogeneity error.

REFERENCES

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2. Anchutina E. A. State-of-art developments in the field of reference materials: a review international publication. Standartnye obraztsy = Reference Materials. 2014; 1: 27–41. (In Russ.)
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ceritification, availability and proper usage. Weinheim, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. 322 р.
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8. Stepanovskikh V. V., Kuzmin I. M. Reference materials application in analytical laboratories of
steelworks. Analitika i kontrol = Analytics and Control. 1998; 3–4: 90–92. (In Russ.)
9. Svistunov I. N., Gorbunov R. A., Levin A. E. Practical use of reference materials at periodic calibration. Reference Materials in Measurements and Technologies: Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific Conference. Part Ru. Ekaterinburg: UNIIM Publishing; 2018. p. 161–162. (In Russ.)
10. Jean Pauwels, Andree Lamberty, Heinz Schimmel. Homogeneity testing of reference materials. Accred Qual Assur. 1998; 3: 51–55.
11. Thomas P. J. et al. Homogeneity and stability of reference materials. Accred Qual Assur. 2001; 6: 20–25.
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Received 27 March 2019

• Dariia R. Shaikhova

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-90-97

Shaikhova D. R. Prospects for bioleaching of metal from wastes with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 90–97 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-90-97

Introduction. The decline in the quality of mineral raw materials and the problems of ecological safety
actualize the development of biological leaching technology, where Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a key
microorganism.
Methodology includes the analysis of the biotechnologies of low-grade and complex minerals processing.
Biological characteristics of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. This microorganism is a gram-negative,
chemoautotrophic, acidophilic aerobic that grows at 1.0-4.5 pH and a wide range of temperatures.
A. ferrooxidans is an object of many studies, so magnetosomes have recently been discovered, and 8 strains
have been completely sequenced. A. ferrooxidans uses Fe2+ and S 0 as electron donors, and O 2, S 0 or Fe3+
as electron acceptors.
Mechanisms and technologies of bioleaching. Possible mechanisms for bioleaching of sulphide ores are
of great interest for research, since at the moment there are three equivalent theories: contact, non-contact and
cooperative mechanisms. Commercially there are heap, underground (in situ) and tank bacterial leaching.
Perspective directions. One of the promising areas of research is the potential use of A. ferrooxidans for
the processing of metals from household waste. The resistance of strains to heavy metals, the problems
of environmental safety in the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials, etc. are also being
studied. Guidelines for conducting molecular genetic studies were also published.
Conclusion. The use of biogeotechnologies will allow to engage low-grade and complex mineral resources
in processing, to increase the effectiveness of useful components extraction, as well as to ensure
environmental protection.

Key words: bioleaching; Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; microorganisms; hydrometallurgy;
biotechnologies.

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Received 7 May 2019

• Sergei A. Prokopiev
• Aleksei E. Pelevin
• Evgenii S. Prokopiev
• Kseniia K. Ivanova

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-70-80

Prokopiev S. A., Pelevin A. E., Prokopiev E. S., Ivanova K. K. Increasing the integrity of iron-ore raw material use with the help of screw separation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 70–80 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-70-80

Research aims to assess the possibility of using screw separation to increase the integrity of iron-ore raw material utilization by means of obtaining additional concentrate from mill tailings in weak magnetic field of magnetite ore.
Research methodology. Experiments have been carried out in laboratory and semi-industrial conditions with the use of screw slime separators. Source products were the mill tailings in weak magnetic field of hematite-magnetite quartzites, magnetite and titanium magnetite ore.
Research results. In semi-industrial conditions, the possibility has been shown of obtaining the hematite concentrate with 63–66% mass shares of iron ore and 4.6–8.0% silicon dioxide from hematite-magnetite tailings. The output of concentrate to mill tailings is 10–14%. Laboratory research on the application of screw separation and table concentration haven’t allowed obtaining iron or other concentrates from magnetite and titanium magnetite ore tailings. Gravitational dressing of complex magnetite ore tailings has revealed increased content of copper and zinc sulfides in heavy product.
Summary. The use of screw separation in hematite-magnetite quartzites dressing makes it possible to increase the integrity of iron-ore raw material application by means of obtaining hematite concentrate. The use of screw separation should be accepted inadvisable to reduce the loss of iron ore with tailings in skarn magnetite and titanium magnetite ore dressing. Screw separation can be used as a method of complex skarn magnetite ore preliminary dressing to obtain semi-products containing nonferrous metal minerals.
Key words: integrity of raw material utilization; iron ore; mill tailings; screw separation; screw slime separation; hematite concentrate; mass share of iron.

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Received 22 May 2019