• Vladimir K. Teplukhin
• Aleksandr N. Ratushniak
• Wang Xiaolong

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-60-69

Teplukhin V. K., Ratushniak A. N., Wang Xiaolong. Electromagnetic technology of diagnosing the internal protective coating of field pipelines. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 60–69 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-60-69

Research aim. Currently, part (less than 10%) of field pipelines has an internal protective coating. The lack of protection leads to of pipelines in-service failures and ruptures caused by corrosion. This leads to environmental damage, high costs for emergency elimination, and uncontrolled losses of oil and petroleum products. In order to reduce the frequency of ruptures in the pipeline system, it is necessary to increase the number of pipelines with an internal protective coating. The service life of pipelines with internal insulation increases by 8-10 times compared to unprotected pipes. It is necessary to develop a technology monitoring the technical state of the internal polymer coating of field pipes of 114-273 mm in diameter used for petroleum products transportation.
Research methodology includes theoretical and methodological research and detailed analysis of physical modelling results.
Analysis of results. Harmonic electromagnetic field measured characteristics informativeness is shown in the study of pipelines protective coating defects. High manufacturability of field check studies is shown when diagnosing internal polymer coating of pipes and moving the measuring system inside the pipeline in an autonomous mode with variable speed.
Summary. The efficiency has been tested and confirmed of using a method based on probe electrodes symmetrical arrangement and a bridge circuit to measure electromagnetic signal field characteristics to create a manufacturable tool diagnosing field pipelines internal polymer coating in difficult industrial conditions.

Key words: internal protective polymer coating of pipes; dielectric layer; mathematical modeling; experimental setup; physical modeling.

REFERENCES

1. Geit A. P., Mikhailov I. I., Zorin E. E. Application of automated ultrasonic inspection systems in assessing the quality of girth welds of main pipelines. Nauka i tekhnologiia truboprovodnogo transporta nefti i nefteproduktov = Science and Technologies: Oil and Oil Products Pipeline Transportation. 2018; 8: 264–272. (In Russ.)
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5. Murashov V. V., Sliusarev M. V. Revealing cracks in polymer-composite parts and in multilayered glued constructions by a low-frequency acoustic method. Defektoskopiia = Russian Journal of Nondestructive testing. 2016; 6: 27–34. (In Russ.)
6. Teplukhin V. K. The development of theoretical foundations for electromagnetic flaw detection of oil and gas wells. Defektoskopiia = Russian Journal of Nondestructive testing. 2004; 12: 60–73. (In Russ.)
7. Ratushniak A. N., Teplukhin V. K. Theoretical and experimental for induction methods of well inspection. Ekaterinburg: UB RAS Publishing; 2017. (In Russ.)
8. Isaev G. A., Kaufman A. A., Rabinovich B. I., Shatokhin V. N. On the influence of nonlevel contact on the electromagnetic fields used in electrical exploration. In: The theory of electromagnetic fields applied in exploration geophysics. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publishing; 1970. p. 3–69. (In Russ.)
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11. Wait J. R. Geo-elektromagnetizm. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1987. (In Russ.)
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Received 14 May 2019

• Dmitrii V. Kuznetsov
• Anatolii A. Kozyrev
• Iuliia V. Fedotova
• Anatolii N. Shokov

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-41-50

Kozyrev A. A., Kuznetsov N. N., Fedotova Iu. V., Shokov A. N. The determination of rockburst hazard degree of hard rocks by the test results under uniaxial compression. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 41–50 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-41-50

Introduction. Currently the principal approach to the estimation of rock tendency to rockburst hazard consists in analyzing their complete stress-strain curve and defining the post-peak strain and energy parameters under uniaxial compression conditions. The disadvantage of such method is a need of performing the studies on specialized stiff test machines. The possibility of such machines purchasing is limited by their high prices and unit quantity of production.
Research aim. Our work is aimed at comparing the determination results of rockburst hazard in the Khibiny and Kovdor rock massifs of the Murmansk region by applying the method proposed and a method of the complete stress-strain curve analysis of hard rocks with using stiff test machines.
Methodology. Energy parameters and strain characteristics of hard rocks have been experimentally studied, parameters and characteristics of their rockburst hazard have been determined. We propose a more simple method to determine the rockburst hazard for rocks by analyzing the strain curve at a prepeak region and values of elastic energy accumulated till the compressive strength. For this we do not need the test machines with enhanced stiffness and the laboratory studies are performed on usual equipment by standard methods.
Results. Based on the studies, we determined the strain and energy parameters of the hard rocks, investigated and defined their rockburst category – rockburst hazardous or not.
Conclusions. The obtained data made it possible to conclude that the estimation results of rockburst hazard for the rocks at the pre-peak stage fully correspond to the results of estimation carried out on the basis of complete deformation curve analysis.

Key words: rockburst hazard; deformation; elastic energy; hard rocks; laboratory tests; uniaxial
compression; sample.

REFERENCES

1. Kozyrev A. A., Panin V. I., Maltsev V. A., Akkuratov M. V. Prediction and prevention of rockbursts and man-induced earthquakes on the Khibiny apatite mines. In: Geomechanics of mining in highly-strained massifs: collection of scientific articles. Apatity: 1998. p. 73–82. (In Russ.)
2. Lan T., Chzhan H., Batugina I. M., Juj L., Li Sh., Han C., Sun V., Tan G. Research of rocckburst system energy of coal mine. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten (nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal) =Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2015; 6: 287–292. (In Russ.)
3. Kabwe E., Wang Y. Review on rockburst theory and types of rock support in rockburst prone mines. Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology. 2015; 5: 104–121.
4. Cai M. Prediction and prevention of rockburst in metal mines. A case study of Sanshandao gold mine. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2016; 8: 204–211.
5. Ptacek J. Rockburst in Ostrava-Karvina coalfield. Procedia Engineering. 2017; 191: 1144–1151.
6. Turchaninov I. A., Iofis M. A., Kasparyan E. V. The fundamentals of rock mechanics. St. Petersburg: Nedra Publishing; 1977. (In Russ.)
7. Petukhov I. M., Iliin A. M., Trubetskoi K. N. Prediction and prevention of rockbursts in mines. Moscow: Akademiia gornykh nauk Publishing; 1997. (In Russ.)
8. Petuhov I. M., Linkov A. M. Mechanics of rockbursts and bumps. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1983. (In Russ.)
9. Stavrogin A. N., Protosenia A. G. The strength of rocks and stability of workings at great depths. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1985. (In Russ.)
10. Singh S. P. Technical note. Burst energy release index. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 1988; 21: 149–155.
11. Zhao T., Guo W., Yu F., Tan Y., Huang B., Hu S. Numerical investigation of influence of drilling
arrangements on the mechanical behavior and energy evolution of coal models. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/aip/3817397 [Accessed 21 January 2019].
12. Kidybiski A. Bursting liability indices of coal. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstract. 1981; 18 (4): 295–304.
13. Tarasov B. G. Superbrittleness of rocks at high confining pressure. Deep Mining, Australian Centre for Geomechanics. Perth, 2010, pp. 119–133.
14. Kozyrev A. A., Kasparian E. V., Fedotova Iu. V., Kuznetsov N. N. Estimating the rockburst hazard of hard rocks based on laboratory test results. Vestnik MGTU: Trudy Murmanskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Vestnik of MSTU: Scientific Journal of Murmansk State Technical University, 2019; 22 (1): 138–148. (In Russ.)
15. Kuznetsov N. N., Fedotova I. V., Pak A. K. Strain and energy parameters of burst-prone rocks: study and analysis. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Rock Dynamics and Applications (RocDyn-3), Trondheim, Norway. 2018. p. 281–284.

Received 7 May 2019

• Valerii V. Dyrdin
• Tatiana L. Kim
• Viacheslav G. Smirnov

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-51-59

Smirnov V. G., Dyrdin V. V., Kim T. L. The factor of outburst hazard of coal seams zones, conditioned by coal particles size. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 51–59. DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-51-59

Introduction. Parameters and features of coal seams which experienced coal and gas outbursts are actively studied to specify the mechanism and develop the methods of forecasting and preventing coal and gas outbursts. Outbursts emit from weak, crumpled coal members.
Research aims to investigate the influence of coal seam grains size on the development of coal and gas outbursts with the account of possible modification of coal strength and filtration properties.
Methodology. Theoretical analysis of coal particles size and the size of incipient cracks influence on the formation of coal and gas outbursts.
Theoretical part. The research has shown that with the reduction of coal particles average size, the flow of gas which develops from the internal volume of coal into the free form increases, the coefficient of permeability decreases; it leads to the growth of gas pressure gradient in the marginal zone. The size of particles depends upon the conditions of coal development and occurrence. In certain geological periods coal breaks up when a part of a massif is broken by the forces of rock pressure. The size of coal particles influences the range of equilibrium conditions, under the violation of which coal and gas outburst develops.
Results. Based upon the conditions of balance of a minute volume of coal with oriented cracks, the criterion of coal and gas outbursts development has been formulated; it shows that with the reduction of cracks size as a power function, the probability of coal and gas outbursts increases, when other conditions remain constant.
Summary. The factor of coal and gas outbursts generation has been formulated, expressed in terms of coal particles size to the power of 2.5 whereby the probability of outburst generation linearly increases under the grow of coal seam gas content, methane diffusion ratio out of the internal chamber to the surface of coal particles and under coal strength reduction.

Key words: gas-dynamic events; marginal zone; coal; methane; coal and gas outburst; cracks; breakdown; size of grain; filtration.

REFERENCES

1. Chernov O. I., Puzyrev V. N. The forecast of coal and gas outbursts. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1979. (In Russ.)
2. Zykov V. S. Coal and gas outbursts and other gas dynamic events in shafts. Kemerovo: Institute of coal and coal chemistry SB RAS; 2010. (In Russ.)
3. Fisne A., Esen О. Coal and gas outburst hazard in Zonguldak Coal Basin of Turkey, and association with geological parameters. Nat Hazards. 2014; 74: 1363–1390.
4. Li Sh., Zhang T. Catastrophic mechanism of coal and gas outbursts and their prevention and control. Mining Science and Technology. 2010; 20: 209–214.
5. Murashev V. I. The mechanism of coal and gas outbursts generation in mine workings. In: The fundamentals of coal, rock and gas outbursts theory. Moscow: Nedra Publishing; 1978: 140–161. (In Russ.)
6. Alekseev A. D. The physics of coal and mining processes. Kiev: Naukova dumka Publishing; 2010. (In Russ.)
7. Oparin V. N., Kiriaeva T. A., Gavrilov V. Iu., Shutilov R. A., Kovchavtsev A. P., Tanaino A. S., Efimov V. P., Astrakhantsev I. E., Grenev I. V. On some features off interaction between geomechanical and physical and chemical processes in coal seams. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 2014; 2: 3–30. (In Russ.)
8. Bui H. D. Fracture mechanics: inverse problems amd solutions: translation from English. Moscow: Fizmatlit; 2011. (In Russ.)
9. Sedov L. I. Continuous medium mechanics. In 2 volumes. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing; 2004. (In Russ.)
10. Dyrdin V. V., Fofanov A. A., Kim T. L., Smirnov V. G., Tatsienko V. P., Kozlov A. A., Plotnikov E. A. Effect of coal mechanodestruction on formation of gas-dynamic processes at coal layers underground mining. Bezopasnost truda v promyshlennosti = Occupational Safety in Industry. 2017; 8: 10–15. (In Russ.)
11. Dyrdin V. V., Fofanov A. A., Smirnov V. G., Diagileva A. V. The development of “gas bag” in the zone of bearing pressure of coal massif in front of the face of stoping. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2017; 4: 41–46. (In Russ.)
12. Smirnov V. G., Dyrdin V. V., Shepeleva S. A. Fracturing in coal seams proned to sudden outbursts of coal and gas. Vestnik Kuzbasskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Bulletin of the Kuzbass State Technical University. 2013; 6: 20–27. (In Russ.)
13. Smirnov V. G., Dyrdin V. V., Manakov A. Yu., Ismagilov Z. R., Adamova T. P. Problem of pulverized coal formation at main outburst caused by decomposition of gas hydrates in coal seams. Chemistry for Sustainable Development. 2016; 24 ( 4): 499–507.
14. Ruthven D., Farooq S., Knaebel K. S. Pressure Swing Adsorption. USA: VCH Publishers, 1994. 353 p.
15. Kovalenko Iu. F., Sidorin Iu. V., Ustinov K. B. Деформирование массива угля при наличии в нем системы изолированных газонаполненных трещин. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 2012; 1: 33–45. (In Russ.)
16. Kolesnichenko E. A., Artemiev V. B., Kolesnichenko I. E. Methane outbursts: theoretical fundamentals. Moscow: Gornoe delo; 2013. (In Russ.)
17. Karev V. I. (ed.) Problems of plasticity theory and geomechanics: to the 100th anniversary of acad. S. A. Khristianovich. Moscow: Nauka Publishing; 2008. (In Russ.)
18. Ettinger I. L. Methane-saturated coal seam as solid methane-coal solution. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 1990; 2: 66–72. (In Russ.)
19. Tsai B. N., Demin V. F., Isabekov E. T. On coal and gas outbursts. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2008; 3: 118–123. (In Russ.)
20. Fedorchenko I. A., Fedorov A. V. Description of gas-dynamic stage of coal and gas outburst with the account of desorption. Fiziko-tekhnicheskie problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh = Journal of Mining Science. 2012; 1: 20–32. (In Russ.)
21. Isabek T. K., Demin V. F., Tsai B. N., Isabekov E. T., Sagyndykov N. The technology of introducing stoping and preparatory activities at outburst-prone seams. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2009; 5: 10–16. (In Russ.)

Received 15 May 2019

• Andrei A. Panzhin
• Nataliia A. Panzhina

DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-31-40

Panzhin A. A., Panzhina N. A. Evaluation of geodetic reference points stability as a basis for geodynamic monitoring. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2019; 6: 31–40 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-6-31-40

Introduction. The article is dedicated to the choice of reference (source) points as a basis for geodynamic monitoring. Monitoring can be both regional, of the Ural region, for instance, and local, covering a group of deposits and an enclosing massif.
Relevance. As soon as a massif has got a hierarchical and blocky structure and constant mobility, caused by the total effect from natural and technogenic factors, the choice of reference points, which are free from the effect of strains, is a relevant problem.
The idea of the research. For actual estimate of the spatial-temporal stability of the reference points, it is proposed to establish a geodetic tie to the IGS global network with further analysis of velocities and directions of their proper movements relative to the neighboring points.
Methodology. Based on the obtained data, the most stable reference points are detected; their velocities and directions of spatial displacements are compared with the model ones in ITRF2014 system, the background being eliminated.
Results. Actual displacement vectors have been determined for a range of IGS and FAGS stations and the base point of temporary accommodation facilities. According to the outcome of a series of earthquakes in the neighborhood of the town of Katav-Ivanovsk, the stress-strain state of the massif has been examined.

REFERENCES

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2. Kuzmin Iu. O. Recent geodynamics of dangerous faults. Fizika Zemli = Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 2016; 5: 87–101. (In Russ.)
3. Sainoki A., Mitri H. S. Dynamic behavior of mining-induced fault slip. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences. 2014; 66: 19–29.
4. Panzhin A. A. Investigation of displacement of the earth's surface in deposits development applying areal instrumental methods. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2009; 2: 69–74. (In Russ.)
5. Yan Bao, Wen Guo, Guoquan Wang et al. Millimeter-accuracy structural deformation monitoring using stand-alone GPS. Journal of Surveying Engineering. 2017; 144: 242–251.
6. Yigit C. O., Coskun M. Z., Yavasoglu H. et al. The potential of GPS precise point positioning method for point displacement monitoring: A case study. Measurement. 2016; 91: 398–404.
7. Kuzmin Iu. O. Recent anomalous geodynamics of aseismic fault zones. Vestnik otdeleniia geologii, geofiziki, geokhimii i gornykh nauk Rossiiskoi akademii nauk = Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Mining of the Russian Academy of Science. 2002; 1: 1–27. (In Russ.)
8. Utkin V. I., Belousova A. A., Tiagunov D. S., Balandin D. V. Study of geodynamics of the Northern and Middle Urals according to GPS. Doklady Akademii nauk = Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2010; 431 (2): 246–251. (In Russ.)
9. Panzhin A. A. Study of CORS geodynamic movements to substantiate control methods of the displacement process in deposits of the Ural region. Vestnik Magnitogorskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta im. G. I. Nosova = Vestnik of Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University. 2015; 1 (49): 22–26. (In Russ.)
10. Kuzmin Iu. O. Geodynamic monitoring of subsoil assets. Geo-Sibir = GEO-Siberia. 2006; 3 (1): 33–42. (In Russ.)
11. Vdovin V. S., Dvorkin V. V., Karpik A. P. et al. Current state and future development of active satellite geodetic networks in Russia and their integration into ITRF. Vestnik SGUGiT = Vestnik SSUGT. 2018; 23 (1): 6–27. (In Russ.)
12. Kodama J., Miyamoto T., Kawasaki S. et al. Estimation of regional stress state and Young’s modulus by back analysis of mining-induced deformation. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences. 2013; 63: 1–11.

Received 18 February 2019